What is the exact definition of these term?

Menopause is the final menstrual period, confirmed after 12 months without a period (not caused by another condition). Perimenopause is the transition leading up to it.

Common Symptoms

Hot flashes/night sweats, sleep disturbance, mood changes, brain fog, vaginal dryness, discomfort with sex, urinary urgency, and changes in bleeding patterns during the transition.

Health considerations

Bone health (osteoporosis prevention), heart health, weight and metabolic changes, and sexual wellness.

Treatment options

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Lifestyle: sleep, exercise, healthy diet, limiting alcohol, smoking cessation.

Hormone Therapy (HT): estrogen alone (if no uterus) or combined estrogen-progestin (if uterus present) for moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms; started within 10 years of menopause or before age \~60 has the most favorable benefit-risk profile for suitable candidates.

Non-hormonal: certain antidepressants, gabapentin, clonidine, and others can lessen hot flashes; vaginal moisturizers and low-dose vaginal estrogen (or alternatives) help dryness and discomfort.

Personalized care

We review medical history (e.g., clotting risk, breast cancer history, migraine with aura) and tailor
therapy with regular follow-up.

Deep Dive

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Vasomotor symptom options: hormone therapy provides the greatest relief for most eligible women; non-hormonal medicines help when HT isn’t suitable.

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM): vaginal dryness, burning, recurrent UTIs, and discomfort with sex improve with regular vaginal moisturizers and (if appropriate) low-dose vaginal estrogen or alternatives.

Bone health: consider bone density testing based on age and risk; adequate calcium/vitamin D plus weight-bearing and resistance exercise are key.

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