Why it happens?

Causes range from benign cramps or ovulation pain to urgent problems like ectopic pregnancy, appendicitis, ovarian torsion, or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

Red flags – seek urgent care

Positive pregnancy test with one-sided pain or shoulder pain, fainting, fever/chills, severe or escalating pain, vomiting that prevents hydration, or pain after a recent procedure.

Clinic evaluation

Symptom timeline, sexual and gynecologic history, exam, pregnancy test, urine test, swabs for infection when indicated, and ultrasound if needed.

Treatment

Tailored to the cause: pain relief, antibiotics for infection, hormonal suppression for endometriosis-related pain, or surgery for emergencies such as torsion or ruptured cyst.

Deep Dive

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Sudden: ovarian torsion, ruptured cyst, ectopic pregnancy, appendicitis.

Cyclical: endometriosis, adenomyosis, ovulation pain.

Chronic: pelvic floor muscle dysfunction, interstitial cystitis/painful bladder, irritable bowel syndrome.

Multidisciplinary care: pelvic floor physical therapy, bladder training, bowel regimen, and pain specialists can be part of the plan.

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